Thank you, Congressman [Gephardt] and Senator [Hagel]
for those wonderful introductions. It is really a great honor to be introduced
by two such distinguished legislators. And thanks to you, Mr. Devine, and
all your staff, and to the wonderful UNA chapter of Kansas City, for all
you have done to make this occasion possible.

 

What a pleasure, and a privilege, to be here in Missouri.
It's almost a homecoming for me. Nearly half a century ago I was a student
about 400 miles north of here, in Minnesota. I arrived there straight from
Africa – and I can tell you, Minnesota soon taught me the value of a thick
overcoat, a warm scarf … and even ear-muffs!

 

It also taught me how people in the American heartland
live by their values, their principles, their beliefs. And that's why I've
come here today to give my last speech to an American audience as Secretary-general
of the United Nations. I want to talk to you – and to the world at large,
since we have CNN here with us – about my own values, and especially about
five guiding principles for international relations in the 21st century,
which I derive from ten years' experience in this very demanding but incredibly
exciting job.

 

I think it's especially fitting that I do that here in
the house that honors the legacy of Harry S Truman. If FDR was the architect
of the United Nations, President Truman was the master-builder, and the
faithful champion of the Organization in its first years, when it had to
face quite different problems from the ones FDR had expected. Truman's
name will for ever be associated with the memory of far-sighted American
leadership in a great global endeavor. And you will see that every one
of my five lessons brings me to the conclusion that such leadership is
no less sorely needed now than it was sixty years ago.

 

My first lesson is that, in today's world, the security
of every one of us is linked to that of everyone else.

 

·That was already true in Truman's time. The man
who in 1945 gave the order for nuclear weapons to be used – for the first,
and please God the only, time in history – understood that security for
some could never again be achieved at the price of insecurity for others.
In 1946 he offered to place all nuclear energy under international control
– an offer rejected, tragically, by Joseph Stalin – and in 1950, faced
with aggression by North Korea against the South, he insisted on bringing
the issue to the United Nations and placing US troops under the UN flag,
at the head of a multinational force.

 

·But how much more true it is in our open world
today: a world where deadly weapons can be obtained not only by rogue states
but by extremist groups; a world where SARS, or avian flu, can be carried
across oceans, let alone national borders, in a matter of hours; a world
where failed states in the heart of Asia or Africa can become havens for
terrorists; a world where even the climate is changing in ways that will
affect the lives of everyone on the planet.

 

·Against such threats as these, no nation can
make itself secure by seeking supremacy over all others. Only by working
for each other's security can we hope to achieve lasting security for ourselves.
That was the main conclusion of the panel of senior statesmen and women
which I appointed three years ago to study the threats and challenges we
face in the 21st century, and to suggest ways for us to protect ourselves
better. “What is needed today,” they found, “is nothing
less than a new consensus between alliances that are frayed, between wealthy
nations and poor, and among people mired in mistrust across an apparently
widening cultural abyss. The essence of that consensus is simple: we all
share responsibility for each other's security.”

 

·And I would add that this responsibility is not
simply a matter of states being ready to come to each other's aid when
attacked – important though that is. It also includes our shared responsibility
to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and
crimes against humanity – a responsibility solemnly accepted by all nations
at last year's UN summit. That means that respect for national sovereignty
can no longer be used as a shield by governments intent on massacring their
own people, or as an excuse for the rest of us to do nothing when such
heinous crimes are committed.

 

·But, as the high-level panel also said, “the
test of that consensus will be action”. And when I look at the murder,
rape and starvation to which the people of Darfur are being subjected,
I fear that we may already be failing that test. The lesson here, surely,
is that high-sounding doctrines like the “responsibility to protect”
will remain pure rhetoric unless and until those with the power to intervene
effectively – by exerting political, economic or, in the last resort, military
muscle – are prepared to take the lead.

 

·And I believe we have a responsibility not only
to our contemporaries but also to future generations – a responsibility
to preserve resources that belong to them as well as to us, and without
which none of us can survive. And that means we must do much more, and
urgently, to prevent or slow down climate change. Every day that we do
nothing, or too little, imposes higher costs on our children, and our children's
children.

 

My second lesson is that we are not only all responsible
for each other's security. We are also, in some measure, responsible for
each other's welfare. Global solidarity is both necessary and possible.

 

·It is necessary because, without a measure of
solidarity – without some sense of shared values and shared destiny – no
society can be truly stable, and no one's prosperity truly secure. That
applies to national societies – as all the great industrial democracies
learned in the 20th century – but it also applies to the increasingly integrated
global market economy we live in today. It is not realistic to think that
some people can go on deriving great benefits from globalization while
billions of their fellow human beings are left in abject poverty, or even
thrown into it. We have to give at least a chance to share in our prosperity
to our fellow citizens, not only within each nation but in the global community.

 

·That is why, five years ago, the UN Millennium
Summit adopted a set of goals – the “Millennium Development Goals”
– to be reached by 2015: goals such as halving the proportion of people
in the world who don't have clean water to drink; making sure all girls,
as well as boys, receive at least primary education; slashing infant and
maternal mortality; and stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS.

 

·Much of that can only be done by governments
and people in the poor countries themselves. But richer countries, too,
have a vital role. And our success in mobilizing them to support the Millennium
Development Goals, through debt relief and increases in foreign aid, convinces
me that global solidarity is not only necessary but possible.

 

·Of course, foreign aid by itself is not enough.
Today, we realize that market access, fair terms of trade, and a non-discriminatory
financial system are equally important to the prospects of poor people
in poor countries. Even in the next few weeks and months, you Americans
can make a crucial difference to many millions of poor people, if you are
prepared to save the Doha Round of trade negotiations. You can do that
by putting your broader national interest above that of some powerful sectional
lobbies, while challenging Europe and the large developing countries to
do the same.

 

My third lesson is that, at the national and the international
levels, both security and successful economic development ultimately depend
on respect for human rights and the rule of law.

 

·Although increasingly interdependent, our world
continues to be divided – not only into different nations and economic
interest groups, but also into communities defined by belief or tradition.
There is nothing wrong with that. On the contrary, throughout history human
life has been enriched by variety, and different communities have learnt
from each other. But if our different communities are to live together
in peace we need to stress not only what divides but also what unites us:
our common humanity, and our shared belief in the need for human dignity
and human rights to be protected by law.

 

·That is vital for development, too. Not only
foreign investors but also a country's own citizens are much more likely
to engage in productive activity when their basic rights are protected
and they can be confident of fair treatment under the law. And policies
that genuinely favor economic development are much more likely to be adopted
if the people most in need of development have a chance to make their voice
heard, and to hold their governments to account.

 

·That is why human rights and the rule of law
are such an important objective for all who truly care about global security
and prosperity. Historically, Americans have understood this, and this
country has been in the vanguard of the global human rights movement. But
that lead can only be maintained if America is true to its own principles,
including in the struggle against terrorism. Many people are troubled and
confused when the United States appears to abandon the ideals and objectives,
and the international instruments, with which it has long been identified.
In President Truman's words, “We must, once and for all, prove by
our acts conclusively that Right Has Might.”

 

And what is true within states is also true between them:
a rules-based system works best.

 

·Playing by the rules can sometimes be inconvenient,
but ultimately what matters is not convenience. It is doing the right thing.
No community anywhere suffers from too much rule of law; many do suffer
from too little – and the international community is among them. This we
must change.

 

·The U.S. has given the world a shining example
of a democracy in which everyone, including the most powerful, is subject
to legal restraint. Its current moment of world supremacy gives it a priceless
opportunity to entrench the same principles at the global level.

 

·No state can make its own actions legitimate
in the eyes of others. When power, especially military force, is used,
the world at large will consider it legitimate only when convinced that
it is being used for the right purpose – for broadly shared aims – in accordance
with broadly accepted norms.

 

·Harry Truman was very blunt about this. “We
all have to recognize,” he said, “no matter how great our strength,
that we must deny ourselves the license to do always as we please.”

 

My fourth lesson – closely related to the last one -
is that governments must be accountable for their actions in the international
arena, as well as in the domestic one.

 

·It is of course the basic principle of democracy
that governments should be accountable to those they govern. But today
the actions of one state can often have a decisive effect on the lives
of people in other states. So does it not owe some account to those other
states and their citizens, as well as to its own? I believe it does.

 

·As things stand, accountability between states
is highly skewed. Poor and weak states can fairly easily be held to account,
because they need foreign aid, and can get it only on conditions set by
outsiders. But large and powerful states, which have the greatest impact
on the fate of the world, can be constrained only by their own people,
working through their domestic institutions.

 

·I think that gives the people and institutions
of such powerful states a special responsibility to take account of global
views and interests, as well as national ones, when making decisions. And
I believe they should take account into account the views not only of other
states but also of what, in UN jargon, we call “non-state actors”.
I mean commercial corporations, charities and pressure groups, labor unions,
philanthropic foundations, universities and think tanks – all the myriad
forms in which people come together voluntarily to think about, or try
to change, the world.

 

·None of these should be allowed to substitute
itself for the state, or for the democratic process by which citizens choose
their governments and decide policy. But they all have the capacity to
influence political processes, on the international as well as the national
level. Frankly, states are hiding their heads in the sand if they ignore
this.

 

·The fact is that states are no longer alone -
if they ever were – in confronting global challenges. Increasingly, these
other actors have both global interests and global capacity. I believe
it is vital to enlist their energies, both in working out global strategies
and in putting those strategies into action once agreed. It has been one
of my guiding principles as Secretary-General to get them to help achieve
UN aims – for instance in the Global Compact with international business,
which I initiated in 1999. More than 3,000 companies, major not-for-profit
groups and labor unions throughout the world have responded to this initiative,
and through it are now involved in promoting UN principles on human rights,
core labor standards and environmental practices.

 

So that is four lessons. Let me briefly remind you of
them:

 

First, we are all responsible for each other's security.

 

Second, we can and must give everyone the chance to benefit
from global prosperity.

 

Third, both security and prosperity depend on human rights
and the rule of law.

 

Fourth, states must be accountable to each other, and
to a broad range of non-state actors, in their international conduct.

 

My fifth and final lesson derives inescapably from those
other four. We can only do all these things by working together through
a multilateral system, and by making the best possible use of the unique
instrument bequeathed to us by Harry Truman and his contemporaries, namely
the United Nations.

 

·In fact, it is only through multilateral institutions
that states can hold to each other to account. And that makes it very important
to organize such institutions in a fair and democratic way, giving the
poor and the weak some influence over the actions of the rich and the strong.

 

·That applies particularly to the international
financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary
Fund. Developing countries should have a stronger voice in these bodies,
whose decisions can have almost a life-or-death impact on their fate. And
it also applies to the UN Security Council, whose membership still reflects
the reality of 1945, not of today's world.

 

·That's why I have continued to press for Security
Council reform. But reform involves two separate issues. One is that new
members should be added, on a permanent or long-term basis, to give greater
representation to parts of the world that have limited voice today. The
other, perhaps even more important, is that all Council members, and especially
all the major powers who are permanent members, must accept the special
responsibility that comes with their privilege. The Security Council is
not just another stage on which to act out national interests. It is the
management committee, if you will, of our fledgling collective security
system. As President Truman said, “the responsibility of the great
states is to serve and not dominate the peoples of the world.”

 

Those, my friends, are the five principles I want to
leave with you, in solemn trust, as I prepare to hand over to a new Secretary-General
in three weeks' time: collective responsibility, global solidarity, the
rule of law, mutual accountability, and multilateralism.

 

We have achieved much since 1945, when the United Nations
was established. But much remains to be done to put those five principles
into practice.

 

Standing here, I am reminded of Winston Churchill's last
visit to the White House, just before Truman left office in 1953. Churchill
recalled their only previous meeting, at the Potsdam conference in 1945.
“I must confess, sir,” he said boldly, “I held you in very
low regard then. I loathed your taking the place of Franklin Roosevelt.”
Then he paused for a moment, and continued: “I misjudged you badly.
Since that time, you more than any other man, have saved Western civilization.”

 

My friends, our challenge today is even greater: all
civilization is at stake. We must make haste to save it.

 

You Americans did so much, in the last century, to build
an effective multilateral system, with the United Nations at its heart.
Do you need it less today, and does it need you less, than 60 years ago?

 

Surely not. More than ever today Americans, like the
rest of humanity, need a functioning global system through which the world's
peoples can face global challenges together. And in order to function,
the system still cries out for far-sighted American leadership, in the
Truman tradition.

 

I hope and pray that the American leaders of today, and
tomorrow, will provide it.

 

Thank you very much

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